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GCOS Atmospheric Surface ECV*
Air Temperature
*over land, sea and ice
Data, Product, Metadata and Information Access
[ECV Matrix Main Page] [About the ECV Matrix] [Main Reference Documents] [Contact] [Updated June 6, 2011]
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Non-satellite or in-situ
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Satellite
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- HadCRUT3: Global Surface Temperatures (Met Office) is a globally gridded product of near-surface temperatures, consisting of annual differences from 1961-90 normals. It covers the period 1850 to present and is updated monthly. The data set is based on regular measurements of air temperature at a global network of long-term land stations and on sea-surface temperatures measured from ships and buoys. Global near-surface temperatures may also be reported as the differences from the average values at the beginning of the 20th century. The global and hemispheric plots, in a different form to that given here (which may be more suitable for certain applications), are also available. (Annual Global Average Temperature 1850-2009, Monthly Near-Surface 1850-2009, Surface Temperature Anomalies - Most Recent Month) (data documentation) (contact)
- GHCN DAILY Version 2.1 - Daily Global Historical Climatology Network Data (NOAA/NCDC) is a database of temperature, precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center, Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth's surface and represent the input of approximately: 6000 temperature stations, 7500 precipitation stations, 2000 pressure stations. This work is often used as a foundation for reconstructing past global temperatures, and is used in two of the official reconstructions, that prepared by the NCDC, and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) temperature set. The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697. (data access) (metadata) (data documentation) (GISTEMP products using GHCN data) (contact)
- GHCNM Version 2.0 and 3.0 beta - Monthly Global Historical Climatology Network Data (NOAA/NCDC) is a database of temperature, precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center, Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth's surface and represent the input of approximately: 6000 temperature stations, 7500 precipitation stations, 2000 pressure stations. This work is often used as a foundation for reconstructing past global temperatures, and is used in two of the official reconstructions, that prepared by the NCDC, and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) temperature set. The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697. (version 3.0 beta data access) (version 3.0 beta ftp download) (version 2.0 data access) (version 2.0 ftp download) (metadata) (data documentation) (contact)
- GCOS Surface Network (GSN) Monthly Data (GSNMON) (NOAA/NCDC) is a global network of approximately 1000 stations selected from the network of many thousands of existing meteorological stations. The GSN is intended to comprise the best possible set of land stations with a spacing of 2.5 to 5 degrees of latitude, thereby allowing coarse-mesh horizontal analyses for some basic parameters. These data are archived at NCDC after QC of the CLIMAT temperature and precipitation data has been completed (in general about 2 months after the end of the observation month) (see GSNMC data sets below) (data access) (metadata) (data documentation) (GSN program information) (contact)
- GCOS Surface Network (GSN) Monitoring Centre Monthly Data (GSNMC) (DWD) In order to offer an earlier access to the GSN data, a so called "quick" GSN data set is provided as soon as it becomes available (about day 23 of the following month). This data set is marked by a 'Q' in the table (see data access below) and does NOT include any information about data quality. The quality flags included are all set by default to "1". The final GSNMC data set, market as 'F', is sent on a monthly basis to the WDCA for Meteorology in Asheville, NC, USA, after the QC of the CLIMAT temperature and precipitation data has been completed (in general about 2 months after the end of the observation month) (See the GSNMON dataset above).The GSN is a global network of approximately 1000 stations selected from the network of many thousands of existing meteorological stations. The GSN is intended to comprise the best possible set of land stations with a spacing of 2.5 to 5 degrees of latitude, thereby allowing coarse-mesh horizontal analyses for some basic parameters. (data access) (products) (metadata) (data documentation) (GSN program information) (contact)
- Global Surface Summary of Day Data (GSOD) (NOAA/NCDC) is produced by the NOAA/NCDC. The input data used in building these daily summaries are the Integrated Surface Data (ISD), which includes global data obtained from the USAF Climatology Center. The latest daily summary data are normally available 1-2 days after the date-time of the observations used in the daily summaries. The online data files begin with 1929, and are now at the Version 7 software level. Over 9000 stations' data are typically available. Includes GSN data submitted by GTS but not by individual countries (variables) (data access) (metadata) (station list) (data documentation) (contact)
- IPCC AR4 Observations (IPCC) The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report discusses four observational temperature datasets for the Global Mean Temperature Time Series: CRUTEM3, NCDC, GISS, Lugina et al. (data access) (metadata) (data documentation) (contact)
- IPCC High Resolution Observational Climatologies (IPCC) provides access to the Climate Research Unit (CRU) high resolution climate data, version 2.1 (data access) (metadata) (data documentation) (contact)
- Tropical Moored Buoys Data (TAO/TRITON (Pacific) consists of approximately 70 moorings in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, telemetering oceanographic and meteorological data to shore in real-time via the Argos satellite system. Is a major component of the ENSO Observing System, GCOS and GOOS. Support is provided primarily by the NOAA) and JMA; PIRATA (Atlantic) is a program designed to study ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropical Atlantic that affect regional climate variability on seasonal, interannual and longer time scales. The array was originally developed in the mid-1990s and has undergone expansions and enhancements since 2005 to improve its utility for describing, understanding, and predicting societally relevant climate fluctuations. PIRATA has been implemented through multi-national cooperation in support of CLIVAR, GOOS, GCOS, and GEOSS. Financial, technical and logistic support are provided by France (IRD in collaboration with Meteo-France, CNRS and IFREMER), Brazil (INPE and DHN) and the USA (NOAA). Data are freely available for research and operational applications via the World Wide Web and the GTS.; and RAMA (Indian Ocean) Arrays (NOAA/NDBC) (data access) (metadata) (data documentation)(contact
- US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) (NOAA/NCDC) is a network of climate stations developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The USCRN's primary goal is to provide future long-term homogeneous temperature and precipitation observations that can be coupled to long-term historical observations for the detection and attribution of present and future climate change. (data access) (metadata) (data documentation) (map) (contact)
- U.S. Historical Climatology Network - Version 2 (USHCN) (NOAA/NCDC) Since 1987, NCDC has used observations from the USHCN to quantify national- and regional-scale temperature changes in the conterminous United States. To that end, USHCN temperature records have been “corrected” to account for various historical changes in station location, instrumentation, and observing practice. The USHCN is actually a designated subset of the NOAA Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Network the USHCN sites having been selected according to their spatial coverage, record length, data completeness, and historical stability. The USHCN, therefore, consists primarily of long-term COOP stations whose temperature records have been adjusted for systematic, nonclimatic changes that bias temperature trends. (data access) (map interface) (metadata) (data documentation) (GISTEMP products using USHCN data) (contact)
- Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) Observations (NOAA/NDBC) Volunteer crew members on nearly 1,000 ships around the world observe the weather at their location, encode each observation in a standard format, and send the data over satellite or radio to the many national meteorological services that have responsibility for marine weather forecasts. The US VOS Project services about one quarter of the world's VOS fleet, providing ships' crews with weather observer training, handbooks and forms, observation encoding software, barometer calibration, the Mariners Weather Log, and weather observing tools. Located in the major ports around the country, Port Meteorological Officers are the VOS Project's field representatives and primary points of contact for ships. (variables) (data access) (metadata) (data documentation)(Program Information) (contact)
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